FEATURES OF THE MICROBIOTA OF THE HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2786-9067-2025-30-7Keywords:
esophageal microbiome, gastric microbiome, small intestinal microbiome, colonic microbiome, rectal microbiome, dysbiosis.Abstract
Abstract. The gastrointestinal tract (GI) microbiome is perhaps the most studied, however, all studies until recently were based only on bacteriological methods, so some topographical zones are not sufficiently studied, simply due to the fact that the material for research is quite difficult to collect. The GI tract is known to harbor a unique and dynamic microbiome, as, on the one hand, it is constantly exposed to external stimuli, including diet, infectious agents, antibiotics, and xenobiotics. On the other hand, indigestible carbohydrates, proteins, fats, polyphenols, and prebiotics can induce changes in the microbiota and influence immunological and metabolic markers of the host. As a result, the incidence of numerous immune-mediated, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and endocrine diseases is steadily increasing. Patients with somatic diseases are more vulnerable to the effects of viral and bacterial agents. The aim of this review is to summarize current data on the normal human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and its qualitative and quantitative changes. The review also aims to analyze the causes and principles of classification of dysbiosis and the most common pathologies that lead to an imbalance of the intestinal microflora. We analyzed and summarized data on gastrointestinal microbiocenoses, which were conducted using the latest methods, in particular, using PCR using 16S rRNA primers. We also listed the main causes and presented the principles of classifying dysbiosis. Our own interpretations and conclusions regarding this issue are proposed, indicating the possibility of microecological disorders in various biotopes of the gastrointestinal tract.
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