THE ROLE OF APOPTOSIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE DISEASES (REVIEW OF PROBLEMATIC ISSUES)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/3041-1394.2024-1.3Keywords:
chronic generalized periodontitis, pathogenesis, cell, apoptosis, immune system, literature reviewAbstract
The aim is to analyze the results of researches of recent years and to formulate on its basis a tentative idea of some aspects of apoptotic and immune processes as separate links in the complex and multifaceted pathogenesis of chronic generalized periodontitis. Materials and methods of the study. The methodology of this study was based on the search and analysis of scientific results on the outlined problematic issues of apoptotic and immune processes in the pathogenesis of chronic generalized periodontitis, published in publications presented in the evidence databases MEDLINE/PubMed, PMC, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and other scientific and practical resources. Scientific novelty. The scientific data on the influence of complex apoptotic mechanisms that control cell loss and immune system function on the development and progression of chronic generalized periodontitis were analyzed. Conclusions. 1. It has been established that apoptosis or programmed cell loss may be one of the important mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of periodontal tissue disease progression. 2. During the course of the pathological process, the presence of pathogen-associated molecular structures induces specific antimicrobial immune responses to control the infection. Under certain circumstances, cells can regulate their death (apoptosis) to accommodate the immune response, thus altering the impact that their loss will have on the environment. The final steps in the signaling pathway leading to apoptosis involve the activation of several proteases, including caspases and endonucleases. During cell apoptosis, caspase activation may be functionally involved in the tissue damage associated with chronic generalized periodontitis. 3. The dominance of Th1 cells (T-helper 1) leads to an aggressive course of the pathological process, significant bone resorption and decreased osteogenesis due to increased production of interleukins - IL-1 and IL-2. At the same time, the Th2 phase, accompanied by increased secretion of B cells - interleukin stimulators, has a protective function. 4. During inflammation of periodontal tissues, the activation of certain subtypes of T and B cells, as well as their production of cytokines, are decisive in determining whether the pathological process will develop as reversible gingivitis or progress as generalized periodontitis with the formation of deep periodontal pockets and vertical bone defects.
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